Assignments 3 English 2

1.      What is relative clauses? Explain and find passage then determine its relative clause ! (underline them)

            Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:

• Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
• Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
• A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
• I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
• I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
• Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the wordwhom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun	Relative pronoun	Examples
a person	who(m)/that, whose	- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing	which†/that, whose	- Do you have a computer which .. - The oak a tree that .. - This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples:FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
• Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
• My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, mustbe separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

• Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?
• Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?
• I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.
• I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.
• Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl and auxiliary can be left out:

• Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?
• The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.
• She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.
• Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.

who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

2.      What is conditional sentences? How many types are there ! Give examples min 5 for each type !

            Conditional Sentences are also known as conditional clauses of if clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (Without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.

Types of Conditional Sentences

a.       It’s possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form : if + simple present (will, future)

-          If I find Her address, I’ll send her an invititation.

-          If I have enough time, I’ll watch tv every evening.

-          If I have enough time , I will watch tv later on tonight

-          If I don’t’t see Him this afternoon, I will call Him in the evening.

-          If John has the money, He will buy a Ferrari.

b.      It’s possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form : if + simple past (would + infinitive)

-          If I found Her address, I would send Her an invitation.

-          If I had enough time, I would watch tv now or later on.

-          If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

-          If I were you, I wouldn’t do this.

-          If John had the money, He would buy a Ferrari.

c.       It’s impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form : if + past perfect (would + have + past participle)

-          If  I had found Her address, I would have sent Her an invitation.

-          If I had had enough time, I would have watched tv yesterday.

-          If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

-          If John had had the money, He would have bought a Ferrari.

-          I would have sent Her an invitation if I had found Her address. (Example without comma).

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 Assignment 2

1.      Mention and explain kinds of pronoun! Give examples of sentence for each kind!

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph. Some examples of pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers,herself, we, us, ours and ourselves. You may have noticed that they tend to come in sets of four, all referring to the same person, group or thing.

·         He, him, his and himself, for example, all refer to a male person or something belonging to him

·         They, them, theirs and themselves all refer to a group or something belonging to a group, and so on.

The truth is that there are many different types of pronouns, each serving a different purpose in a sentence.

A. Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they, we, and you. Example: “They went to the store.”

Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him, it, you, them, and us. Example: “David gave the gift to her.”

Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine, his, hers, ours, yours, its,and theirs. Example: “Is this mine or yours?”

B. Subject Pronouns

Subject pronouns are often (but not always) found at the beginning of a sentence. More precisely, the subject of a sentence is the person or thing that lives out the verb.

·         I owe that person $3,000. – I am living out that debt. I is the subject pronoun.

·         He and I had a fight. – This sentence has two subjects because he and I were both involved in the fight.

·         He broke my kneecaps. – You get the idea.

·         To him, I must now pay my children's college funds. – If you'll notice, the verb in this sentence – the action – is "pay." Although I is not at the beginning of the sentence, it is the person living out the action and is, therefore, the subject.

C. Object Pronouns

By contrast, objects and object pronouns indicate the recipient of an action or motion. They come after verbs andprepositions (to, with, for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).

·         The guy I borrowed money from showed me a crowbar and told me to pay him immediately.

·         I begged him for more time.

·         He said he'd given me enough time already.

·         I tried to dodge the crowbar, but he hit me with it anyway.

·         Just then, the police arrived and arrested us.

D. Subject vs. Object Pronouns

There is often confusion over which pronouns you should use when you are one half of a dual subject or object. For example, should you say:

·         "Me and him had a fight." or "He and I had a fight?"

·         "The police arrested me and him." or "The police arrested he and I?"

Some people will tell you that you should always put the other person first and refer to yourself as "I" because it's more proper, but those people are wrong. You can put the other person first out of politeness, but you should always use the correct pronouns (subject or object) for the sentence.

A good test to decide which one you need is to try the sentence with one pronoun at a time. Would you say, "Me had a fight?" Of course not. You'd say, "I had a fight." What about, "Him had a fight?" No, you'd say, "He had a fight." So when you put the two subjects together, you get, "He and I had a fight." The same rule applies to the other example.

·         You wouldn't say, "The police arrested he," or, "The police arrested I."

·         You would use "him" and "me."

So the correct sentence is, "The police arrested him and me."

E. Possessive Adjectives vs. Possessive Pronouns

Pronominal possessive adjectives include the following: my, your, our, their, his, her and its. They are sort of pronouns in that they refer to an understood noun, showing possession by that noun of something. They are technically adjectives, though, because they modify a noun that follows them.

·         My money is all gone.

·         I gambled it all away on your race horse.

·         His jockey was too fat.

In all of these examples, there is a noun (money, race horse, jockey) that has not been replaced with a pronoun. Instead, an adjective is there to show whose money, horse and jockey we’re talking about.

Possessive pronouns, on the other hand – mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its – are truly pronouns because they refer to a previously named or understood noun. They stand alone, not followed by any other noun. For comparison's sake, look at this sentence:

·         You have your vices, and I have mine.

There are two types of pronouns here: subject (you/I) and possessive (mine). There's also a possessive adjective (your). We'll deal with the subject pronouns momentarily, but for now, just look at the others.

Your is followed by the noun, vices, so although we know that your refers to you, it is not the noun or the noun substitute (pronoun). Vices is the noun. In the second half of the sentence, however, the noun and the possessive adjective have both been replaced with one word – the pronoun, mine. Because it stands in the place of the noun, mine is a true pronoun whereas your is an adjective that must be followed by a noun.

F. Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody. Example: “Everyone is already here.”

G. Relative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that. Example: “The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.”

H. Intensive Pronouns

These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves. Example: “He himself is his worst critic.” 

I. Demonstrative Pronouns

There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing. Examples: “Such was his understanding.” “Those are totally awesome.”

J. Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. Example: “Who will you bring to the party?”

K. Reflexive Pronouns

There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the ones that end in “self” or "selves." They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same noun.

·         I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse.

·         The robber hurt himself chasing me through the alley.

We also use them to emphasize the subject.

·         Usually, the guy I borrowed the money from will send an employee to collect the money, but since I owed so much, hehimself came to my house.

L. Examples of Pronouns in Context

Now see if you can find all the pronouns and possessive adjectives in this paragraph:

No matter what your teachers may have taught you about pronouns, the I's don't always have it. If your teachers ever warned you about the evils of gambling, however, they were right about that. You don't want someone breaking your kneecaps with his crowbar; it will hurt, the police might arrest you, and you may never forgive yourself.

2.      There are 3 types of question word ! Explain those 3 type along with their examples !

A. Yes/No questions

   
      > Is he a teacher? Yes he is.

      > Can you swim? No, I can’t.

      > Have they got a car? Yes they have.

To form yes/no questions where there is an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, we invert the word order of a positive sentence. (He is a teacher > Is he a teacher?)

      > Do you eat fish? No I don’t.      > Does she know you. Yes she does.

When there is no auxiliary verb we use ‘do’ to form the question.

            B. With question words

The same rules apply when there is a question word (‘what’, ‘where’, ‘when’, ‘why’, ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘how’, ‘how much’, ‘how many’)
      > Where is the hotel?      > What can you smell?      > Who has just arrived?

Where there is an auxiliary or modal verb, that verb is used to form the question.
      > How did you get here?      > When do your parents get back?      > How much does it cost?

Where there is no auxiliary verb, we use do.

           C. Subject/Object questions

Sometimes you might see questions like this.
       > Who broke the window?       > What happened next?       > Who told you that?

There is no auxiliary verb and the word order is not inverted.

These are called subject questions – because the question word is the subject of the sentence.

Look at these two questions.
       > Who does Romeo love? Romeo loves Juliet.       > Who loves Romeo? Juliet loves Romeo.

In the first question, Romeo is the subject of the verb. In the second question ‘who’ is the subject and Romeo is the object.

Sources: - http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/types-of-
                 pronouns.html
               - http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/question-forms
                 subjectobject-questions

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 Assignment 1

1.      Find the definition of subject, verb, object, modifier !
- Make 5 sentences determine that 4 elements

Subjects

            Subjects are always nouns or noun equivalents (pronouns, gerunds, certain infinitives, phrases made from these verbals, and noun clauses). The subject is the person, place, or thing that does or controls the action of the verb. It is the concept that answers the question who? or what? does or is in relation to the verb.

-          John eats flies. (Who eats? John does.)

-          Homer crawls nicely. (Who crawls? Homer does.)

-          Anything goes. (What goes? Anything does.)

-          It seems silly. (What seems? It seems.)

-          Minerva is tired. (Who is? Minerva is.)

            Verbs

            The verb is most often defined as the word or words that express action or state of being. The trouble with this definition is that it is so broad that it is difficult to pin down just when a word expresses action" or "being." Verbals seem to express action, and even some nouns seem to convey a sense of action (the race, his answer, my worry, for example). I run.

-          I run.

-          You waited.

Sometimes, two verbs together describe one action.

-          We were jogging

-          You are reading.

If you are giving a command, you can even leave out the subject.  The following examples are complete sentences.  The subject is "you."  The subject is implied.

-          Stop!

-          Run!

  

            Objects

            A sentence can have more than one noun.  While a subject performs an action, an object is a noun that has action performed on it.  The object usually comes after the verb.

The following examples have a subject, then a verb, then an object.

-          I ate dinner.

-          Dave wrote a letter.

-          The trumpet player played jazz.

-          They named their daughter Natasha.

-          Jo-Bob sold me her boat.

      Modifiers

             Modifiers are all of those adjective or adverb words, phrases, or  clauses that change (modify) the meaning of other words, phrases or clauses. Although they take many forms, there are only two kinds of modifiers-adjective and adverb.

a. Adjective Modifiers:

            Adjective modifiers always and only modify nouns or noun equivalents: noun words, pronouns, certain verbals and verbal phrases, and noun clauses. They may be "pure" adjectives (e.g. red, slow, large, good, etc.); they may be verbal adjectives (certain infinitives and all participles); they may be adjective phrases (certain prepositional phrases, some infinitive phrases, and all participial phrases); or they may be adjective clauses.

b. Adverb Modifiers:

            Adverb modifiers modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and adjective and adverb phrases and clauses. They may be "pure" adverbs (e.g. slowly, down, well, etc.); they may be verbal adverbs (some infinitives); they may be adverb phrases (some prepositional phrases and some infinitive phrases), or they may be adverb clauses.

-          I ate dinner in the dark.

-          Dave almost wrote a letter to his mother.

-          The fat trumpet player played slow jazz.

-          After painting all day, the chair was admired by Mark.

-          The fish was greatly enjoyed by the fisherman, which was tasty. 

2.      Find the theory of subject – verb agreements

- Find the examples

            Subject/Verb Agreement

            Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both need to be plural.

Subject/Verb Agreement Examples

Here are some examples of subject verb agreement (the subject is bolded and the verb underlined): 

-          My dog always growls at the postal carrier.

-          Basketballs roll across the floor.

-          I don’t understand the assignment.

-          These clothes are too small for me.

-          Peter doesn’t like vegetables.

            Compound Subjects

            Compound subjects (two subjects in the same sentence) usually take a plural verb, unless the combination is treated as singular in popular usage or the two subjects refer to the same thing or person. Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with compound subjects:

-          Sugar and flour are needed for the recipe.

-          Neither my dad nor my brothers know how to ski.

-          Pepperoni and cheese are great on a pizza.

-          Corned beef and cabbage is a traditional meal in Ireland. (popular usage)

-          The creator and producer is arriving soon. (both refer to same person)

When using “or” or “nor” in a compound subject containing a singular and plural subject, the verb agrees with the closest subject. Examples of compound subjects using or, neither-nor, or either-or include:

-          My mom or dad is coming to the play. (singular).

-          Neither gray nor white is my favorite color. (singular).

-          Either Grandpa or my sisters are going to the park. (closest subject is plural).

-          Either my sisters or Grandpa is going to the park. (closest subject is singular).

-          Neither she nor I am going to college. (closest subject is singular).

Singular Indefinite Pronouns

            Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with singular indefinite pronouns:

-          Each gets a trophy for playing.

-          Somebody will pay for this.

-          Anybody is more fun than you.

-          Something is very wrong here.

-          Everybody enjoys a good book.

-          Nothing has been determined as of yet.

Plural Indefinite Prounouns

            Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with plural indefinite pronouns:

-          Both are qualified for the job.

-          Many went to the beach and got sunburned.

-          Few know what it really takes to get ahead.

-          Several are already on location.

-          Some sugar is required for taste. (sugar is uncountable so singular verb used).

-          Most of the cookies were eaten. (cookies are countable so plural verb used).

Midsentence Phrase or Clause

            Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with a phrase or clause between the subject and verb:

-          A theory of physics ascertains that a body in motion stays in motion.

-          A virus in all the company’s computers is a real threat to security.

-          The causes of this prevalent disease are bad diet and lack of exercise.

-          The couch and chair I got at the store look really nice in here.

-          The members of the choir are very happy with the performance.

Collective Nouns

            Collective nouns can be singular or plural depending on meaning. Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with collective nouns:

-          The committee meets here every Thursday. (singular)

-          The crowd is getting angry. (singular) 

-          The jury has finally reached a decision. (singular)

-          The majority rules most of the time. (plural)

-          The staff have gone their separate ways for the holidays. (plural)

Inverted Subjects

            Here are some examples of subject verb agreement with inverted subjects where the subject follows the verb:

-          There are seven clean plates in the dining room.

-          There is a hair in my lasagna.

-          Over the rainbow flies a bird.

-          How are the employees enjoying the new building?

-          A good gift is a gift card.

Sources:

http://www.zianet.com/jkline/unittwo.htm

http://www.whitesmoke.com/understanding-subjects-verbs-objects-modifiers

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/grammar-rules-and-tips/misplaced-modifiers.html

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-subject-verb-agreement.html